To establish itself internationally, the poultry sector must comply with various regulations and include a sustainable and respectful value chain. However, African production relies mainly on small enterprises, which are still insufficient to fully supply urban markets.

Socio-economic aspect of poultry farming

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) jointly released a report on the global agricultural outlook. According to the report, global poultry production for consumption reached 137 million tons in 2021 and is expected to reach 156 million tons by 2032. Poultry provides 41 % of the world’s animal proteins, with an annual growth rate of 1.3 %.

Poultry market in Africa

Chicken meat consumption has doubled in the past two decades and is expected to continue growing. This surge is drivenby the increasing demand for animal proteins and the rise of the middle class that favors this food.

In Africa, broiler chicken remains affordable due to the availability of raw materials for its feed. Meat from indigenous chickens often sells for 50 to 100% more than that of broilers. In Africa, the primary product from indigenous chickens sold in markets is chicken meat. In contrast, broiler farming generates diversified revenues :

• Sale of live chicken in local markets or for export to other African countries
• Processed products: smoked meat, sausages, rotisserie, and poultry charcuterie
• Sale of organic fertilizer from chicken manure, used as a natural fertilizer for crops

Broiler chicken consumption : Key element in the diet

Global per capita meat demand is expected to increase by an average of 2 % per year by 2032, compared to the 2020-2022 reference period. This increase is mainly attributed to rising consumption in middle-income countries. This is also true in Sub-Saharan Africa, where over 1.45 billion people reside, representing 17 % of the global population, and demand is particularly high. According to an African Union report, poultry meat production in Africa should increase by 50 % by 2030 to meet this growing demand.

Profitability : Layer hens or broilers

Raising broilers and layer hens is similar during the first 5 to 6 weeks, except for the beak trimming in layers. After this period, their feeding and management differ. Broilers are fed ad libitum, while layers require rationed feeding.

Both types of poultry farming are profitable, but broilers require less capital than layers. Broilers, fed ad libitum, are sold after 35 to 40 days. In contrast, layers require more investment in infrastructure, equipment, and feed, and begin laying eggs after about 20 weeks.

Which broiler breed is best

The choice of broiler breed mainly depends on breeding goals and environmental conditions. The Bresse-Gauloise is often cited for its fine and tasty meat but grows relatively slowly. The Faverolles breed, known for its tender and flavorful meat, is also sociable and easy to raise.

The Cornish Cross is an excellent option for breeders seeking fast-growing chickens. This hybrid breed reaches an optimal weight in just 6 to 8 weeks, ideal for intensive farming. Rustic breeds such as New Hampshire or Cou-nu du Forez are suited to various climates and offer high-quality meat. These are perfect for free-range farming where animal welfare is a priority.

Conquering the international market : Challenges

Poultry production primarily targets domestic consumption, but international trade is continually expanding. The global broiler chicken market is currently dominated by large European commercial producers with structured poultry value chains. Developing countries import mainly chicken breasts and thighs, with less preference for drumsticks.

Red label and strict quality standards

Industrial broiler farming for the international market presents several challenges. Competitiveness requires constant optimization of production costs, especially in countries where labor and raw materials are cheaper. Improving animal welfare is crucial to meet consumer expectations and international regulations. For example, the European Union imposes strict standards regarding stocking density and access to natural light.

Additionally, genetic selection allows for the production of fast-growing breeds, reducing the time to reach slaughter weight. This is also crucial for maintaining high-profit margins while adhering to quality standards. Logistical aspects, such as the transportation of chicks and finished products, must also be considered. An efficient supply chain is essential to avoid losses and ensure product freshness in international markets.

Epidemics and trade policies

Global poultry markets are not immune to animal disease outbreaks and trade policies. For example, avian influenza and Newcastle disease have disrupted the poultry meat trade and affected trade agreements. Sanitary requirements significantly influence international poultry trade standards.